Восстановление двигательных функций у пациентов с позвоночно-спинномозговой травмой (ПСМТ) является приоритетной задачей медицинской реабилитации данной категории больных. Несмотря на достижения современной медицины, уровень восстановления движений после травмы спинного мозга часто оказывается незначительным, многие больные остаются прикованными к инвалидной коляске. В результате низкой физической активности у пострадавших постепенно развиваются вторичные осложнения (остеопороз, ожирение, сердечно-сосудистые, дыхательные, мочеполовые, трофические и прочие нарушения), отягощающие течение основного заболевания и затрудняющие процесс медицинской реабилитации. Надежды врачей-реабилитологов и пациентов связаны с появлением роботизированных экзоскелетов (РЭС), которые могут стать инновационным средством улучшения мобильности больных с ПСМТ. Целью обзора является предоставление сведений о возможной пользе и недостатках использования РЭС в реабилитации пациентов с ПСМТ. В статье обсуждаются общие характеристики современных экзоскелетов и условия их использования для пациентов с парализацией нижних конечностей. Представлены сведения об эффективности и безопасности использования экзоскелетных устройств в нейрореабилитации, а также данные об ограничениях и проблемах, связанных с использованием экзоскелетов в клинической практике. Приведены результаты метаанализов и отдельных рандомизированных исследований, посвященных потенциальной пользе использования РЭС как в быту так в реабилитации пациентов с ПСМТ. Рассмотрено влияние тренировок ходьбы в экзоскелете на степень восстановления двигательных функций, уровень общей физической активности и массу тела пациентов с ПСМТ. В статье обращается внимание на нерешенные проблемы и перспективы дальнейших разработок РЭС для нужд пациентов с ПСМТ. Подчеркивается необходимость разработки стандартных протоколов и проведении крупных рандомизированных сравнительных клинических исследований с длительным периодом наблюдения пациентов с целью выяснения потенциала использования экзоскелетов
нейрореабилитация, роботизированные устройства, экзоскелеты, позвоночно-спинномозговая травма, инвалид, парез
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